Papel de los microARN en la patogénesis del cáncer de próstata / The role of microRNAs in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer

Resumen El cáncer de próstata es una enfermedad prevalente, generadora de gran morbimortalidad y reportada como la quinta causa de muerte a nivel mundial. Según las estimaciones de GLOBOCAN (Global Cancer Observatory por sus siglas en inglés) para el año 2018 se reportaron 1 276 106 casos nuevos a nivel mundial. Recientemente, surgen los microARN como una posible estrategia futura como biomarcadores, tanto para el diagnóstico como para el tratamiento de la enfermedad. Los microARN son pequeñas moléculas de ARN que cumplen un papel en la regulación de la expresión génica, por lo que la expresión variable de estas moléculas tiene una función importante en la patogénesis del cáncer de próstata. La revisión de la literatura en diferentes bases de datos permitió evidenciar su papel en la patogénesis del cáncer de próstata. Se sugiere que la expresión diferencial de estas moléculas biológicas podría ser de utilidad en la práctica clínica. En Colombia se encuentra en investigación su utilidad en diferentes enfermedades, por lo cual esta revisión de tema podría contribuir a futuras investigaciones.

Abstract Prostate cancer is a prevalent disease, with great morbidity and mortality, reported as the fifth leading cause of death worldwide. According to estimates for 2018 by GLOBOCAN (Global Cancer Observatory), 1 276 106 new cases of prostate cancer were reported worldwide. Identifying methods that allow an early diagnosis and treatment of the disease is necessary. MicroRNA are a possible future strategy as biomarkers for prostate cancer. These are small RNA molecules, in charge of regulating genetic expression. Their differential expression is relevant in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer. Currently, literature suggests the differential expression of these biological molecules could be a tool in prostate cancer, with clinical utility. In Colombia new research related to microRNA and prostate cancer is being conducted, which justifies the pertinence of this literature review and the contribution it can have on future research.

Housekeeping genes involved in non-malignant breast phenotypes are widely expressed in multiple cancers and provide novel biomarkers of tumor classification

Clinically relevant biomarkers are useful to determine cancer patients' prognosis and treatments. To discover new putative biomarkers, we performed in silico analysis of a 325-gene panel previously associated with breast epithelial cell biology and clinical outcomes. Sixteen public datasets of microarray samples representing 8 cancer types and a total of 3,663 patients' samples were used for the analyses. Feature selection was used to identify the best subsets of the 325 genes for each classification, and linear discriminant analysis was used to quantify the accuracy of the classifications. A subset of 102 of the 325 genes were found to be housekeeping (HK) genes, and the classifications were repeated using only the 102 HK subset. The 325-gene panel and 102 HK subset were able to distinguish colon, gastric, lung, ovarian, pancreatic, and prostate tumors and leukemia from normal adjacent tissue, and classify disease subtypes of breast and lung cancers and leukemia with 70% or higher accuracy. HK genes have been overlooked as potential biomarkers due to their relative stability. This study describes a set of HK genes as putative biomarkers applicable to multiple cancer types worth following in subsequent validation studies.

The application of mass spectrometry for protein markers discovery in cancer detection / 中华检验医学杂志

Protein is involved in a variety of biological activities and associated with disease development,such as cancer.With the development of mass spectrometry-based proteomic technologies,qualitative and quantitative analysis of protein in clinical specimen using mass spectrometry is rapidly progressing in cancer biomarker study.Novel cancer biomarker for early diagnosis and prognosis evaluation is the key to reducing death rate and improving survival rate.This review summarizes mass spectrometry technologies and proteomic studies for cancer biomarker discovery.

Biomarcadores d daño genético en poblaciones humanas expuestas a plaguicidas / Biomarkers of Genetic Damage in Human Populations Exposed to Pesticides

El efecto de los plaguicidas sobre la salud humana, animal y ambiental es preocupación de la comunidad científica desde hace mucho tiempo. Numerosos estudios reportan que los plaguicidas no son inofensivos y que su uso puede conducir a efectos biológicos dañinos a mediano y a largo plazo, en los grupos humanos y animales expuestos, en el presente o en los descendientes. La importancia en la detección precoz del daño genético radica en que permite tomar las medidas necesarias para disminuir o suprimir la exposición al agente deletéreo cuando aún éste es reversible, y de ese modo prevenir y disminuir el riesgo de desarrollar neoplasias y otras alteraciones patológicas. En este trabajo se revisan los principales conceptos en la temática, la utilidad de los estudios de genotoxicidad y se hace referencia a los trabajos realizados en los últimos veinticinco años sobre monitoreo genético de personas expuestas laboralmente a plaguicidas. Los ensayos de genotoxicidad, que incluyen aberraciones cromosómicas, micronúcleos, intercambio de cromátidas hermanas y cometa, deberían ser considerados como herramientas indispensables en la implementación de una vigilancia médica completa en personas potencialmente expuestas a diversos contaminantes ambientales y en especial aquellas que habitan en el mismo lugar con personas que ya han desarrollado algún tipo de neoplasia en edades tempranas, con el fin de prevenir la ocurrencia de tumores de origen ambiental y especialmente laboral.

The effect of pesticides on human, animal and environmental health has been cause of concern in the scientific community for a long time. Numerous studies have reported that pesticides are not harmless and that their use can lead to harmful biological effects in the medium and long term, in exposed human and animals, and their offspring. The importance of early detection of genetic damage is that it allows us to take the necessary measures to reduce or eliminate the exposure to the deleterious agent when damage is still reversible, and thus to prevent and to diminish the risk of developing tumors or other alterations. In this paper we reviewed the main concepts in the field, the usefulness of genotoxicity studies and we compiled studies performed during the last twenty years on genetic monitoring of people occupationally exposed to pesticides. We think that genotoxicity tests, including that include chromosomal aberrations, micronucleous, sister chromatid exchanges and comet assays, should be considered as essential tools in the implementation of complete medical supervision for people exposed to potential environmental pollutants, particularly for those living in the same place as others who where others have already developed some type of malignancy. This action is particularly important at early stages to prevent the occurrence of tumors, especially from environmental origins.

Correlation between preoperative serum levels of five biomarkers and relationships between these biomarkers and cancer stage in epithelial overian cancer / 부인종양

OBJECTIVE: To examine the correlation among the preoperative serum levels of five biomarkers presumed to be useful for early detection of epithelial ovarian cancer and evaluate the relationships between serum levels of these five biomarkers and epithelial ovarian cancer stage. METHODS: We analyzed 56 newly diagnosed epithelial ovarian cancer patients. Preoperative serum levels of leptin, prolactin, osteopontin (OPN), insulin-like growth factor-II, and CA-125 were determined by ELISA. We also examined the correlation between the serum levels of the biomarkers and ovarian cancer stage. Significant differences in the mean serum levels of two proteins, leptin and CA-125, were observed between stage subsets. RESULTS: There was a significant negative correlation between prolactin and leptin and a significant positive correlation between prolactin and OPN. Of the five biomarkers, only the mean serum CA-125 level showed a significant positive correlation with cancer stage (Spearman rho=0.24, p<0.01). OPN showed a marginally significant positive correlation with stage (Spearman rho=0.14, p=0.07). CONCLUSION: We demonstrated the relationship between five biomarkers in epithelial ovarian cancer. These tumor markers may be useful in screening for ovarian cancer, in characterizing disease states, and in developing therapeutic interventions targeting these marker proteins. Large-scale studies that include potential confounding factors and modifiers are necessary to more accurately define the value of these novel biomarkers in ovarian cancer.